Face value
As Dan was noticing last time, the ability to recognize individuals on the basis of faces (and voices) is quite fascinating. The ability to « read » unfamiliar faces is no less interesting, albeit quite independant : prosopagnosics with impairments in perception of facial identity, as well as the rest of us, make judgments about faces being aggressive or friendly (see Todorov 2008).
These are intriguing inferences – if only because they are often not very accurate ! Still, they are strong, very quick (as little as 100 ms exposure is enough, as shown for instance here) but they can also be very discriminative, and lead to quite subtle judgements...
They can also turn into a pleasurable or rewarding activity, as when you contemplate portraits of people you don’t directly know and will never meet (for instance, in an art gallery, or when you’re inquiring into the Facebook of some of your « friends », to see what their « friends » look like).
These inferences are obviously important from an evolutionary point of view: for instance, we have to identify threatening or trustworthy persons, or, as Konrad Lorenz argued, we tend to respond more positively toward babies, and react more generally positively toward infantile features like large eyes, large head and small jaw. These inferences also predict important social outcomes ranging from electoral success to criminal sentencing decisions, where people also tend to be more forgiving toward « baby-faced » criminals. (See for instance Little et al. 2007, and Zebrowitz et al. 1991).
In a recent paper, published in Trends in Cognitive Sciences, called « Understanding Faces Evaluation on Social Dimensions » (see here - gated version) a Princeton team, lead by Alexander Todorov, tried to address the issue of the psychological aspects of such inferences. Of course, trait inferences, about trustworthiness for instance, have received extensive research attention in both behavioral and fMRI studies. However, research focusing on a single trait dimension is problematic because trait judgments from faces are highly correlated with each other.
« For example, two trait judgments – how caring and how attractive a person is – accounted for 84% of the variance of trustworthiness judgments that predicted the amygdala activation to faces in an fMRI study of implicit face evaluation. Without independent evidence for the primacy of one trait inference over another, it is equally plausible to argue that ‘caring’ inferences and attractiveness, rather than trustworthiness, drive the response of the amygdala to faces. »
Todorov’s group states the problem differently. When we see a certain face, what do we tend to evaluate ? What kind of dimensions do our inferences take into account ? In order to put aside other affective effects, they recommend studying judgments made from emotionally neutral faces and suggest that « faces are automatically evaluated along the dimensions of valence/trustworthiness and power/dominance. These dimensions define a 2D space within which specific social judgments can be represented ».
They go on and show that « the facial cues used for face evaluation along these dimensions indicate that evaluation of emotionally neutral faces is an overgeneralization of adaptive mechanisms for inferring emotional states with their corresponding behavioral intentions and the ability to implement these intentions ».
But does fave evaluation result from inferences based on emotional expressions alone? Sometimes it is based on more physical cues (dominance inferences are based on signs of strength, age, weight, etc.) as the authors notice, without elaborating the point. Unless this is taken into account, their hypothesis won’t explain our attitudes toward baby faces, which we find « cute » be they sad, surprised, angry or happy. And what about our judgements about face shapes ? Is it possible to find universal features in inferences from physical traits to the whole range of personnality traits drawn from them ? Perhaps there would be « natural » and «social » aspects, as for emotions.
Moreover, as (1) the data are obtained in a « blank » context, when subjects have to no decision to take and no goal to pursue, but just have to « evaluate faces », and as (2) no cross-cultural study is called for, I am a bit sceptical about the methodology. Can one have a « semantic » of facial features, given how much it seems affected by cultural contexts and by specific situtations ? In the previously quoted paper, A.C. Little and note that, if faces affect hiring decisions and could influence voting behaviour ...
« changing context from war time to peace time can affect which face receives the most votes (Study 2). Our studies highlight the role of face shape in voting behavior and the role of personal attributions in face perception. We also show that there may be no general characteristics of faces that can win votes, demonstrating that face traits and information about the environment interact in choice of leader. »
Still, it shows what a great field to explore this is.
References
A. Todorov, "Reading trustworthiness in faces without recognising faces", Cogn.Neuro., 25/3, 2008, p. 395-410.
Little, A.C. et al. (2007) « Facial appearance affects voting decisions », Evol. Hum. Behav. 28, p. 18–27.
Zebrowitz, L.A. and McDonald, S.M. (1991) « The impact of litigants’ babyfaceness and attractiveness on adjudications in small claims courts », Law Behav. 15, p. 603–623.
Colin Holbrook 17 February 2009 (11:26)
I found this post quite timely, having recently used subliminal and supraliminal emotive face stimuli in cross-cultural research conducted in the US and in Tibet. Your observation that assessing the import of different sorts of faces on judgments and behaviour requires a contextual goal or evaluation task was especially on target. In the studies I conducted with the help of Paulo Sousa, Jennifer Hahn-Holbrook and Drubgyal Naktsang, we compared the influence of subliminal happy, angry, or skull faces on evaluations of authors who either affirmed or derided the participants' national culture- a task used to measure "worldview defense" or "coalitional broadcasting" in related terror management and coalitional psychology literatures. Although we found much of interest (at least to us!), one finding in particular highlights the way that context can mitigate the behavioral effects of face stimuli. The subliminal angry face manipulation led to both increased disliking of the critical author (as one might guess) and increased liking for the laudatory author (which does not follow from a simple valence-based model of bias). In a similar study conducted by Piotr Winkielman and colleagues (2005), however, subliminal angry faces were found to decrease appreciation of an alternative dependent measure... Kool-Aid enjoyment. Although there were several differences between our studies and Winkielman's which render direct comparisons dubious, we can at least cautiously speculate that angry faces may increase liking of certain positive stimuli (e.g. pro-ingroup authors) but decrease liking of other domains (e.g. drinks). The growing literature on affective appraisals strongly bolsters this idea. It seems that articulating how subtle and gross affect influences decision making across fluctuating contexts will require more than blackbox adaptive hypotheses. We need to understand the physical mechanics underlying these behaviours. Reference Winkielman, P., Berridge, K. C., & Wilbarger, J. L. (2005). Unconscious affective reactions to masked happy versus angry faces influence consumption behavior and judgments of value. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1, 121-135.